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<div id="siteNotice"><script type='text/javascript'>if (wgNotice != '') document.writeln(wgNotice);</script></div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Oxford English Dictionary</h1>
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<h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3>
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<div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="#column-one">navigation</a>, <a href="#searchInput">search</a></div> 
<div class="dablink">"OED" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/OED_(disambiguation)" title="OED (disambiguation)">OED (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<div class="dablink">This article is about the multi-volume historical dictionary. For other, smaller, dictionaries published by Oxford, including the one-volume <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_English" title="Oxford Dictionary of English">Oxford Dictionary of English</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Category:Oxford_dictionaries" title="Category:Oxford dictionaries">Category:Oxford dictionaries</a>.</div>
<table class="infobox" cellspacing="5" style="width:22em; text-align:left; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; width:20em;">
<tr>
<th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:inherit; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic;">Oxford English Dictionary (OED2) <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx% 3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+En glish+Dictionary+%28OED2%29&rft.author=%5B%5BJ ohn+Simpson+%28lexicographer%29%7CJohn+Simpson%5D% 5D+%26+%5B%5BEdmund+Weiner%5D%5D+%28editors%29&amp ;rft.date=1989&rft.pub=%5B%5BOxford+University +Press%5D%5D&rft.pages=22000%7FUNIQ4e9cf37d6b8 d7fe1-ref-00000000-QINU%7F&rft_id=info:oclcnum/17648714">*</th>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th style="text-align:left; background:inherit; white-space:nowrap;">Author</th>
<td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/John_Simpson_(lexicographer)" title="John Simpson (lexicographer)">John Simpson</a> & <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Weiner" title="Edmund Weiner">Edmund Weiner</a> (editors)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th style="text-align:left; background:inherit; white-space:nowrap;">Original title</th>
<td class="" style="">A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th style="text-align:left; background:inherit; white-space:nowrap;">Country</th>
<td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th style="text-align:left; background:inherit; white-space:nowrap;">Language</th>
<td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th style="text-align:left; background:inherit; white-space:nowrap;">Subject(s)</th>
<td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Dictionary#Major_English_dictionaries" title="Dictionary">Dictionary</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th style="text-align:left; background:inherit; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Publisher" title="Publisher" class="mw-redirect">Publisher</a></th>
<td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th style="text-align:left; background:inherit; white-space:nowrap;">Publication date</th>
<td class="" style="">1989</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th style="text-align:left; background:inherit; white-space:nowrap;">Pages</th>
<td class="" style="">22000<a href="#cite_note-0">[1]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th style="text-align:left; background:inherit; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a></th>
<td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198611862" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-861186-2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th style="text-align:left; background:inherit; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> Number</th>
<td class="" style=""><a href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/17648714" class="external text" rel="nofollow">17648714</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th style="text-align:left; background:inherit; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></th>
<td class="" style="">423 19</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th style="text-align:left; background:inherit; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Classification" title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Classification</a></th>
<td class="" style="">PE1625 .O87 1989</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th style="text-align:left; background:inherit; white-space:nowrap;">Preceded by</th>
<td class="" style="">'OED1'</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="thumb tright">
<table class="wikitable collapsible" style="text-align:center">
<tr>
<th colspan="4">Publication dates</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1888</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A New ED</td>
<td>Vol. 1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1893</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>NED</td>
<td>Vol. 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1897</td>
<td>D</td>
<td>NED</td>
<td>Vol. 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1900</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>NED</td>
<td>Vol. 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1901</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>NED</td>
<td>Vol. 5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1908</td>
<td>L</td>
<td>NED</td>
<td>Vol. 6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1909</td>
<td>O</td>
<td>NED</td>
<td>Vol. 7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1914</td>
<td>Q</td>
<td>NED</td>
<td>Vol. 8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1919</td>
<td>Si</td>
<td>NED</td>
<td>Vol. 9/1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1919</td>
<td>Su</td>
<td>NED</td>
<td>Vol. 9/2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1926</td>
<td>Ti</td>
<td>NED</td>
<td>Vol. 10/1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1928</td>
<td>V</td>
<td>NED</td>
<td>Vol. 10/2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1928</td>
<td>all</td>
<td>NED</td>
<td>12 vols.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1933</td>
<td>& sup.</td>
<td>Oxford ED</td>
<td>13 vols.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1972</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>OED Sup.</td>
<td>Vol. 1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1976</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>OED Sup.</td>
<td>Vol. 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1982</td>
<td>O</td>
<td>OED Sup.</td>
<td>Vol. 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1986</td>
<td>Sea</td>
<td>OED Sup.</td>
<td>Vol. 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1989</td>
<td>all</td>
<td>OED 2nd Ed.</td>
<td>20 vols.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1993</td>
<td>all</td>
<td>OED Add. Ser.</td>
<td>Vols. 1–2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1997</td>
<td>all</td>
<td>OED Add. Ser.</td>
<td>Vol. 3</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED), published by the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (OUP), is a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[2]</a> Two fully-bound print editions of the OED have been published under its current name, in 1928 and 1989; as of December 2008 the dictionary's current editors had completed a quarter of the third edition.<a href="#cite_note-2">[3]</a>
<table id="toc" class="toc">
<tr>
<td>
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Entries_and_relative_size">1 Entries and relative size</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Origins">2.1 Origins</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Early_editors">2.2 Early editors</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Oxford_editors">2.3 Oxford editors</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Fascicles">2.4 Fascicles</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Oxford_English_Dictionary_and_First_Supplem ent">2.5 Oxford English Dictionary and First Supplement</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Second_Supplement_and_Second_Edition">2.6 Second Supplement and Second Edition</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Compact_editions">2.7 Compact editions</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Electronic_versions">2.8 Electronic versions</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Third_Edition">2.9 Third Edition</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Spelling">3 Spelling</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Criticisms">4 Criticisms</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Notes">6 Notes</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Further_reading">8 Further reading</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&acti on=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Entries and relative size">edit</a>] Entries and relative size</h2>
According to the publishers, it would take a single person 120 years to type the 59 million words of the OED second edition, 60 years to proofread it, and 540 <a href="/wiki/Megabytes" title="Megabytes" class="mw-redirect">megabytes</a> to store it electronically.<a href="#cite_note-3">[4]</a> As of 30 November 2005, the Oxford English Dictionary contained approximately 301,100 main entries. Supplementing the entry <a href="/wiki/Headword" title="Headword">headwords</a>, there are 157,000 bold-type combinations and derivatives; 169,000 italicized-bold phrases and combinations; 616,500 word-forms in total, including 137,000 <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciations</a>; 249,300 <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymologies</a>; 577,000 cross-references; and 2,412,400 usage <a href="/wiki/Quotation" title="Quotation">quotations</a>. The dictionary's latest, complete print edition (Second Edition, 1989) was printed in 20 volumes, comprising 291,500 entries in 21,730 pages. The longest entry in the OED2 was for the verb set, which required 60,000 words to describe some 430 senses. As entries began to be revised for the OED3 in sequence starting from M, the longest entry became make in 2000, then put in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-4">[5]</a>
Despite its impressive size, the OED is neither the world's largest nor earliest dictionary. The Dutch dictionary <a href="/wiki/Woordenboek_der_Nederlandsche_Taal" title="Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal">Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal</a>, which has similar aims to the OED, is the largest and it took twice as long to complete. The earliest large dictionary is the <a href="/wiki/Grimm_brothers" title="Grimm brothers" class="mw-redirect">Grimm brothers</a>' <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Deutsches Wörterbuch">dictionary of the German language</a>, begun in 1838 and completed in 1961. The first edition of the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_della_Crusca" title="Accademia della Crusca">Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca</a>, which is the first great dictionary devoted to a modern European language (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>), was published in 1612; the first edition of <a href="/wiki/Dictionnaire_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Dictionnaire de l'Académie française">Dictionnaire de l'Académie française</a> dates from 1694. The first edition of the official dictionary of Spanish, the <a href="/wiki/Diccionario_de_la_lengua_espa%C3%B1ola" title="Diccionario de la lengua española" class="mw-redirect">Diccionario de la lengua española</a> (produced, edited, and published by the <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a>) was published in 1780. The <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_dictionary" title="Kangxi dictionary" class="mw-redirect">Kangxi dictionary</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> was published even earlier, in 1716.
The OED's official policy is to attempt to record a word's most-known usages and variants in all varieties of English past and present, worldwide. Per the 1933 "Preface":
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<div>The aim of this Dictionary is to present in alphabetical series the words that have formed the English vocabulary from the time of the earliest records [ca. AD740] down to the present day, with all the relevant facts concerning their form, sense-history, pronunciation, and etymology. It embraces not only the standard language of literature and conversation, whether current at the moment, or obsolete, or archaic, but also the main technical vocabulary, and a large measure of dialectal usage and slang.</div>
</blockquote>
It continues:
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<div>Hence we exclude all words that had become obsolete by 1150 [the end of the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> era]* ... Dialectal words and forms which occur since 1500 are not admitted, except when they continue the history of the word or sense once in general use, illustrate the history of a word, or have themselves a certain literary currency.</div>
</blockquote>
The OED is the focus of much scholarly work about English words. Its headword <a href="#Spelling">variant spellings</a> order list influences written English in English-speaking countries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]
<h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&acti on=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>] History</h2>
<h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&acti on=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>] Origins</h3>
At first, the dictionary was unconnected to Oxford University but was the idea of a small group of intellectuals in London;<a href="#cite_note-5">[6]</a> it originally was a <a href="/wiki/Philological_Society" title="Philological Society">Philological Society</a> project conceived in London by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Chenevix_Trench" title="Richard Chenevix Trench">Richard Chenevix Trench</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Coleridge" title="Herbert Coleridge">Herbert Coleridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_James_Furnivall" title="Frederick James Furnivall">Frederick Furnivall</a>, who were dissatisfied with the current English dictionaries. In June 1857, they formed an "Unregistered Words Committee" to search for unlisted and undefined words lacking in current dictionaries. In November, Trench's report was not a list of unregistered words; instead, it was the study On Some Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries, which identified seven distinct shortcomings in contemporary dictionaries:
<ul>
<li>Incomplete coverage of obsolete words</li>
<li>Inconsistent coverage of families of related words</li>
<li>Incorrect dates for earliest use of words</li>
<li>History of obsolete senses of words often omitted</li>
<li>Inadequate distinction among <a href="/wiki/Synonyms" title="Synonyms" class="mw-redirect">synonyms</a></li>
<li>Insufficient use of good illustrative quotations</li>
<li>Space wasted on inappropriate or redundant content.</li>
</ul>
The Philological Society, however, ultimately realized that the number of unlisted words would be far more than the number of words in the English dictionaries of the 19th century. The Society eventually shifted their idea from only words that were not already in English dictionaries to a more comprehensive project. Trench suggested that a new, truly comprehensive dictionary was needed. On January 7, 1858, the Society formally adopted the idea of a comprehensive new dictionary.<a href="#cite_note-6">[7]</a> Volunteer readers would be assigned books and copy to quotation slips passages illustrating actual word usages, then post them to the dictionary editor. In 1858, the Society agreed to the project in principle, with the title "A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles" (NED).
<h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&acti on=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early editors">edit</a>] Early editors</h3>
Richard Chenevix Trench played the key role in the project's first months, but his <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical" class="mw-redirect">ecclesiastical</a> career meant that he could not give the dictionary project the time required, easily ten years[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]; he withdrew, and Herbert Coleridge became the first editor.
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<div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_James_Furnivall" title="Frederick James Furnivall">Frederick Furnivall</a>, 1825-1910</div>
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On 12 May 1860, Coleridge's dictionary plan was published, and research started. His house was the first editorial office. He arrayed 100,000 quotation slips in a 54-pigeon-hole grid. In April 1861, the group published the first sample pages; later that month, the thirty-one-year old Coleridge died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.
Furnivall then became editor; he was enthusiastic and knowledgeable, yet temperamentally ill-suited for the work.<a href="#cite_note-7">[8]</a> Many volunteer readers eventually lost interest in the project as Furnivall failed to keep them motivated. Furthermore, many of the slips had been misplaced.
Recruited assistants handled two tons of quotation slips and other materials. Furnivall understood the need for an efficient excerpting system, and instituted several prefatory projects. In 1864, he founded the Early English Text Society, and in 1868, he founded the Chaucer Society for preparing general benefit editions of immediate value to the dictionary project. The compilation lasted 21 years.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]
In the 1870s, Furnivall unsuccessfully attempted to recruit both <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sweet" title="Henry Sweet">Henry Sweet</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Nicol&action=edit&re dlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Nicol (page does not exist)">Henry Nicol</a> to succeed him. He then approached <a href="/wiki/James_Murray_(lexicographer)" title="James Murray (lexicographer)">James Murray</a>, who accepted the post of editor. In the late 1870s, Furnivall and Murray met with several publishers about publishing the dictionary. In 1878, Oxford University Press agreed with Murray to proceed with the massive project; the agreement was formalized the following year.<a href="#cite_note-8">[9]</a> The dictionary project finally had a publisher 20 years after the idea was conceived. It would be another 50 years before the entire dictionary was complete.
Despite the participation of some 800 volunteer readers, the technology of paper-and-ink was the major drawback regarding the arbitrary choices of relatively untrained volunteers about "what to read and select" and "what to discard."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#When_quoting_someone" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite this quote</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]
Late during his editorship of the dictionary Murray learned that a prolific contributor to it, <a href="/wiki/William_Chester_Minor" title="William Chester Minor">W. C. Minor</a>, was in fact an inmate of the <a href="/wiki/Broadmoor_Asylum_for_the_Criminally_Insane" title="Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminally Insane" class="mw-redirect">Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminally Insane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[10]</a> Minor was a Yale University trained surgeon and military officer in the U.S. Civil War who had been sent to the asylum after murdering a man in London. The stories of Murray and Minor became the main subjects of a bestselling book written by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Winchester" title="Simon Winchester">Simon Winchester</a>, published in the United States as The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary<a href="#cite_note-10">[11]</a> and in other countries as <a href="/wiki/The_Surgeon_of_Crowthorne" title="The Surgeon of Crowthorne">The Surgeon of Crowthorne</a>: a tale of murder, madness and the love of words.
<h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&acti on=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oxford editors">edit</a>] Oxford editors</h3>
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<a href="/wiki/James_Murray_(lexicographer)" title="James Murray (lexicographer)">James Murray</a> in the Scriptorium at Banbury Road</div>
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During the 1870s, the Philological Society was concerned with the process of publishing a dictionary with such an immense scope. Although they had pages printed by publishers, no publication agreement was reached; both the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> and the Oxford University Press were approached. Finally, in 1879, after two years' negotiating by Sweet, Furnivall, and Murray, the OUP agreed to publish the dictionary and to pay the editor, Murray, who was also the Philological Society president. The dictionary was to be published as interval <a href="/wiki/Fascicle" title="Fascicle">fascicles</a>, with the final form in four 6,400-page volumes. They hoped to finish the project in ten years.
Murray started the project, working in a <a href="/wiki/Corrugated_iron" title="Corrugated iron" class="mw-redirect">corrugated iron</a> outbuilding, the "<a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">Scriptorium</a>", which was lined with wooden planks, book shelves, and 1,029 pigeon-holes for the quotation slips. He tracked and regathered Furnivall's collection of quotation slips, which were found to concentrate on rare, interesting words rather than common usages: for instance, there were ten times more quotations for abusion than for abuse.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He appealed for readers in newspapers distributed to bookshops and libraries; readers were specifically asked to report "as many quotations as you can for ordinary words" and for words that were "rare, obsolete, old-fashioned, new, peculiar or used in a peculiar way."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#When_quoting_someone" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite this quote</a>] Murray had American philologist and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">liberal-arts-college</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Francis_March" title="Francis March">Francis March</a> manage the collection in North America; 1,000 quotation slips arrived daily to the Scriptorium, and by 1882, there were 3,500,000.
The first Dictionary fascicle was published on 1 February 1884—-twenty-three years after Coleridge's sample pages. The full title was A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles; Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by The Philological Society; the 352-page volume, words from A to Ant, cost 12<a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">s</a>.6<a href="/wiki/Penny" title="Penny">d</a> or U.S.$3.25. The total sales were a disappointing 4,000 copies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]
The OUP saw it would take too long to complete the work with unrevised editorial arrangements. Accordingly, new assistants were hired and two new demands were made on Murray. The first was that he move from <a href="/wiki/Mill_Hill" title="Mill Hill">Mill Hill</a> to <a href="/wiki/Oxford,_England" title="Oxford, England" class="mw-redirect">Oxford</a>; he did, in 1885. Murray had his Scriptorium re-erected on his new property.
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The 78 Banbury Road, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, house, erstwhile residence of <a href="/wiki/James_Murray_(lexicographer)" title="James Murray (lexicographer)">James Murray</a>, Editor of the Oxford English Dictionary</div>
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Murray resisted the second demand: that if he could not meet schedule, he must hire a second, senior editor to work in parallel to him, outside his supervision, on words from elsewhere in the alphabet. Murray did not want to share the work, feeling he would accelerate his work pace with experience.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] That turned out not to be so, and Philip Gell of the OUP forced the promotion of Murray's assistant <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bradley" title="Henry Bradley">Henry Bradley</a> (hired by Murray in 1884), who worked independently in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in London, beginning in 1888. In 1896, Bradley moved to Oxford University. Famously, <a href="/wiki/William_Chester_Minor" title="William Chester Minor">Dr. W. C. Minor</a> was a prolific contributor as a reader for Murray. Whilst imprisoned in a criminal lunatic asylum, he invented his own quotation-tracking system, so that he could then submit his slips upon the editors' request.
Gell continued harassing Murray and Bradley with his business concerns—containing costs and speedy production—to the point where the project's collapse seemed likely. Newspapers[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">specify</a>] reported the harassment, and public opinion backed the editors. Gell was fired, and the University reversed his cost policies. If the editors felt that the Dictionary would have to grow larger, it would; it was an important work, and worth the time and money to properly finish. Neither Murray nor Bradley lived to see it. Murray died in 1915, having been responsible for words starting with A-D, H-K, O-P and T, nearly half the finished dictionary; Bradley died in 1923, having completed E-G, L-M, S-Sh, St and W-We. By then two additional editors had been promoted from assistant work to independent work, continuing without much trouble. <a href="/wiki/William_Craigie" title="William Craigie">William Craigie</a>, starting in 1901, was responsible for N, Q-R, Si-Sq, U-V and Wo-Wy. Whereas previously the OUP had thought London too far from Oxford, after 1925 Craigie worked on the dictionary in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, where he was a professor. The fourth editor was <a href="/wiki/Charles_Talbut_Onions" title="Charles Talbut Onions">C. T. Onions</a>, who, starting in 1914, compiled the remaining ranges, Su-Sz, Wh-Wo and X-Z. It was around this time that <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> was employed by the OED, researching etymologies of the Waggle to Warlock range <a href="#cite_note-11">[12]</a>; he parodied the principal editors as "The Four Wise Clerks of Oxenford" in the story <a href="/wiki/Farmer_Giles_of_Ham" title="Farmer Giles of Ham">Farmer Giles of Ham</a>. <a href="/wiki/Julian_Barnes" title="Julian Barnes">Julian Barnes</a> also was an employee; he was said[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">who?</a>] to dislike the work.
<h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&acti on=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fascicles">edit</a>] Fascicles</h3>
By early 1894 a total of 11 <a href="/wiki/Fascicle" title="Fascicle">fascicles</a> had been published, or about one per year: four for A-B, five for C, and two for E. Of these, eight were 352 pages long, while the last one in each group was shorter to end at the letter break (which would eventually become a volume break). At this point it was decided to publish the work in smaller and more frequent instalments: once every three months, beginning in 1895, there would now be a fascicle of 64 pages, priced at 2s.6d. or $1 U.S. If enough material was ready, 128 or even 192 pages would be published together. This pace was maintained until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> forced reductions in staff. Each time enough consecutive pages were available, the same material was also published in the original larger fascicles.
Also in 1895, the title Oxford English Dictionary (OED) was first used. It then appeared only on the outer covers of the fascicles; the original title was still the official one and was used everywhere else. The 125th and last fascicle, covering words from Wise to the end of W, was published on 19 April 1928, and the full Dictionary in bound volumes followed immediately.
The early modern English prose of Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne" title="Thomas Browne">Thomas Browne</a> is probably the most frequently quoted source of <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> in the completed dictionary. <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> is the most-quoted writer, with <a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a> his most-quoted work. <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a> (Mary Ann Evans) is the most-quoted woman writer. Collectively, the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> is the most-quoted work (but in many different translations); the most-quoted single work is <a href="/wiki/Cursor_Mundi" title="Cursor Mundi">Cursor Mundi</a>.
<h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&acti on=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Oxford English Dictionary and First Supplement">edit</a>] Oxford English Dictionary and First Supplement</h3>
Between 1928 and 1933 enough additional material had been compiled to make a one volume supplement so the dictionary was reissued as the set of 12 volumes and a one-volume supplement in 1933.
<h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&acti on=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second Supplement and Second Edition">edit</a>] Second Supplement and Second Edition</h3>
In 1933 <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford University</a> had finally put the Dictionary to rest; all work ended, and the quotation slips went into storage. However, the English language continued to change, and by the time 20 years had passed, the Dictionary was outdated.
There were three possible ways to update it. The cheapest would have been to leave the existing work alone and simply compile a new supplement of perhaps one or two volumes; but then anyone looking for a word or sense and unsure of its age would have to look in three different places. The most convenient choice for the user would have been for the entire dictionary to be re-edited and <a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">retypeset</a>, with each change included in its proper alphabetical place; but this would have been the most expensive option, with perhaps 15 volumes required to be produced. The OUP chose a middle approach: combining the new material with the existing supplement to form a larger replacement supplement.
<a href="/wiki/Robert_Burchfield" title="Robert Burchfield">Robert Burchfield</a> was hired in 1957 to edit the second supplement; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Talbut_Onions" title="Charles Talbut Onions">Onions</a>, who turned 84 that year, was still able to make some contributions as well. Burchfield emphasized the inclusion of modern-day language, and through the supplement the dictionary was expanded to include a wealth of new words from the burgeoning fields of science and technology, as well as popular culture and colloquial speech. Burchfield also broadened the scope to include developments of the language in <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking regions beyond the United Kingdom</a>, including North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, and the Caribbean. The work was expected to take seven to ten years.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It actually took 29 years, by which time the new supplement (OEDS) had grown to four volumes, starting with A, H, O and Sea. They were published in 1972, 1976, 1982, and 1986 respectively, bringing the complete dictionary to 16 volumes, or 17 counting the first supplement.
By this time it was clear that the full text of the Dictionary would now need to be computerized. Achieving this would require retyping it once, but thereafter it would always be accessible for computer searching — as well as for whatever new editions of the dictionary might be desired, starting with an integration of the supplementary volumes and the main text. Preparation for this process began in 1983, and editorial work started the following year under the administrative direction of Timothy J. Benbow, with <a href="/wiki/John_Simpson_(lexicographer)" title="John Simpson (lexicographer)">John A. Simpson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Weiner" title="Edmund Weiner">Edmund S. C. Weiner</a> as co-editors.
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<div class="thumbcaption">Editing an entry of the NOED using <a href="http://domino.research.ibm.com/tchjr/journalindex.nsf/0/bc33186c36e05a9e85256bfa0067f698?OpenDocument" class="external text" rel="nofollow">LEXX</a></div>
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And so the New Oxford English Dictionary (NOED) project began. More than 120 keyboarders of International Computaprint Corporation in <a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Washington,_Pennsylvania" title="Fort Washington, Pennsylvania">Fort Washington, Pennsylvania</a>, USA, started keying in over 350,000,000 characters, their work checked by 55 proof-readers in England. Retyping the text alone was not sufficient; all the information represented by the complex <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typography</a> of the original dictionary had to be retained, which was done by <a href="/wiki/Markup_(computer_programming)" title="Markup (computer programming)" class="mw-redirect">marking up</a> the content in <a href="/wiki/SGML" title="SGML" class="mw-redirect">SGML</a>. A specialized <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_(computing)" title="Search engine (computing)">search engine</a> and display software were also needed to access it. Under a 1985 agreement, some of this software work was done at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a>, Canada, at the Centre for the New Oxford English Dictionary, led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Tompa&action=edit&re dlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Tompa (page does not exist)">Frank Tompa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Gonnet" title="Gaston Gonnet">Gaston Gonnet</a>; this search technology went on to become the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Open_Text_Corporation" title="Open Text Corporation">Open Text Corporation</a>. Computer hardware, database and other software, development managers, and programmers for the project were donated by the British subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>; the colour syntax-directed editor for the project, <a href="http://domino.research.ibm.com/tchjr/journalindex.nsf/0/bc33186c36e05a9e85256bfa0067f698?OpenDocument" class="external text" rel="nofollow">LEXX</a>, was written by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Cowlishaw" title="Mike Cowlishaw">Mike Cowlishaw</a> of IBM.<a href="#cite_note-12">[13]</a> The University of Waterloo, in Canada, volunteered to design the database. A. Walton Litz, an English professor at Princeton University who served on the Oxford University Press advisory council, was quoted in <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> as saying "I've never been associated with a project, I've never even heard of a project, that was so incredibly complicated and that met every deadline."<a href="#cite_note-Gray1989-3-27-13">[14]</a>
By 1989 the NOED project had achieved its primary goals, and the editors, working online, had successfully combined the original text, Burchfield's supplement, and a small amount of newer material, into a single unified dictionary. The word "new" was again dropped from the name, and the Second Edition of the OED, or the OED2, was published. The first edition <a href="/wiki/Retronym" title="Retronym">retronymically</a> became the OED1.
The OED2 was printed in 20 volumes. For the first time, there was no attempt to start them on letter boundaries, and they were made roughly equal in size. The 20 volumes started with A, B.B.C., Cham, Creel, Dvandva, Follow, Hat, Interval, Look, Moul, Ow, Poise, Quemadero, Rob, Ser, Soot, Su, Thru, Unemancipated, and Wave.
Although the content of the OED2 is mostly just a reorganization of the earlier corpus, the retypesetting provided an opportunity for two long-needed format changes. The headword of each entry was no longer capitalized, allowing the user to readily see those words that actually require a capital letter. Also, whereas Murray had devised his own notation for pronunciation, there being no standard available at the time, the OED2 adopted the modern <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>. Unlike the earlier edition, all foreign alphabets except Greek were transliterated.
The British quiz show <a href="/wiki/Countdown_(game_show)" title="Countdown (game show)">Countdown</a> has awarded the leather-bound complete version to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Countdown_champions" title="List of Countdown champions">champions of each series</a> since its inception in 1982.
When the print version of the second edition was published in 1989, the response was enthusiastic. The author <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burgess" title="Anthony Burgess">Anthony Burgess</a> declared it "the greatest publishing event of the century," as quoted by Dan Fisher of the Los Angeles Times (25 March 1989).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#When_quoting_someone" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite this quote</a>] TIME dubbed the book "a scholarly Everest,"[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#When_quoting_someone" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite this quote</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Boston" title="Richard Boston">Richard Boston</a>, writing for the London Guardian (24 March 1989), called it "one of the wonders of the world."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#When_quoting_someone" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite this quote</a>]
New material was published in the Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series, which consisted of two small volumes in 1993, and a third in 1997, bringing the dictionary to a total of 23 volumes. Each of the supplements added about 3,000 new definitions. However, no more Additions volumes are planned, and it is not expected that any part of the Third Edition, or OED3, will be printed in fascicles.
<h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&acti on=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Compact editions">edit</a>] Compact editions</h3>
In 1971, the 13-volume OED1 (1933) was reprinted as a two-volume, Compact Edition, done by photographically reducing each page to one-half its linear dimensions; each compact edition page held four OED1 pages in a four-up ("4-up") format. The two volume letters were A and P; the Supplement was at the second volume's end.
The Compact Edition included, in a small slip-case drawer, a <a href="/wiki/Magnifying_glass" title="Magnifying glass">magnifying glass</a> to help in reading reduced type. Many copies were inexpensively distributed through <a href="/wiki/Book_sales_club" title="Book sales club">book clubs</a>. In 1987, the second Supplement was published as a third volume to the Compact Edition. In 1991, for the OED2, the compact edition format was re-sized to one-third of original linear dimensions, a nine-up ("9-up") format requiring greater magnification, but allowing publication of a single-volume dictionary. It was accompanied by a magnifying glass as before and A User's Guide to the "Oxford English Dictionary", by Donna Lee Berg. After these volumes were published, though, book club offers commonly continued to sell the two-volume 1971 Compact Edition.
<h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&acti on=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Electronic versions">edit</a>] Electronic versions</h3>
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Screenshot of the second CD-ROM edition of the OED</div>
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Once the text of the dictionary was digitized and online, it was also available to be published on <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>. The text of the First Edition was made available in 1988. Afterward, three versions of the second edition were issued. Version 1 (1992) was identical in content to the printed Second Edition, and the CD itself was not copy-protected. Version 2 (1999) had some additions to the corpus, and updated software with improved searching features, but it had clumsy copy-protection that made it difficult to use and would even cause the program to deny use to OUP staff in the midst of demonstrating the product[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Version 3 was released in 2002 with additional words and software improvements, though its copy-protection remained as unforgiving as that of the earlier version.
The current and only edition of the OED on CD available for purchase from Oxford University Press, Version 3.1.1 (2007), includes a return to the less restrictive nature of Version 1, with support for hard disk installation, so that the user does not have to insert the CD to use the dictionary. It has been reported<a href="#cite_note-14">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[16]</a> that this version will work on operating systems other than <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulation programs</a>.
Version 4.0 of the CD, scheduled to be available June 2009, will work with Windows 7 and Mac OS X.<a href="#cite_note-16">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[18]</a> This version will use the CD drive for installation, running only from the hard drive.
On 14 March 2000, the Oxford English Dictionary Online (OED Online) became available to subscribers.<a href="#cite_note-18">[19]</a> The online database contains the entire OED2 and is updated quarterly with revisions that will be included in the OED3 (see below). The online edition is the most up-to-date version of the dictionary available.
Whilst the OED web site is not optimised for mobile devices, they have stated that there are plans to provide an API<a href="#cite_note-19">[20]</a> which would enable developers to develop different interfaces for querying the OED.
As the price for an individual to use this edition, even after a reduction in 2004, is £195 or $295 US every year, most subscribers are large organizations such as universities. Some of them[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] do not use the Oxford English Dictionary Online portal and have legally downloaded the entire database into their organization's computers. Some public libraries and companies have subscribed as well, including, in March and April 2006, most public libraries in England and Wales<a href="#cite_note-20">[21]</a> and New Zealand;<a href="#cite_note-21">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[23]</a> any person belonging to a library subscribing to the service is able to use the service from their own home.
Another method of payment was also introduced in 2004, offering residents of North or South America the opportunity to pay $29.95 US a month to access the online site.
<h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&acti on=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Third Edition">edit</a>] Third Edition</h3>
The planned Third Edition, or OED3, is intended as a nearly complete overhaul of the work. Each word is being examined and revised to improve the accuracy of the definitions, derivations, pronunciations, and historical quotations—a task requiring the efforts of a staff consisting of more than 300 scholars, researchers, readers, and consultants, and projected to cost about $55 million. The result is expected to double the overall length of the text. The style of the dictionary will also change slightly. The original text was more literary, in that most of the quotations were taken from novels, plays, and other literary sources. The new edition, however, will reference all manner of printed resources, such as cookbooks, wills, technical manuals, specialist journals, and rock lyrics. The pace of inclusion of new words has been increased to the rate of about 4,000 a year. The estimated date of completion is 2037.<a href="#cite_note-23">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[25]</a>
New content can be viewed through the OED Online or on the periodically updated CD-ROM edition.
As of 1993, John Simpson is the Chief Editor. Since the first work by each editor tends to require more revision than his later, more polished work, (work on the first edition was, of course, begun at A) it was decided to balance out this effect, by performing the early, and perhaps itself less polished, work of the current revision at a letter other than A. Accordingly, the main work of the OED3 has been proceeding in sequence from the letter M. When the OED Online was launched in March 2000, it included the first batch of revised entries (officially described as draft entries), stretching from M to mahurat, and successive sections of text have since been released on a quarterly basis; by June 2009, the revised section had reached recyclist. As new work is done on words in other parts of the alphabet, this is also included in each quarterly release. In March 2008, the editors announced that they would alternate each quarter between moving forward in the alphabet as before and updating "key English words from across the alphabet, along with the other words which make up the alphabetical cluster surrounding them."
The production of the new edition takes full advantage of computers, particularly since the June 2005 inauguration of the whimsically named "Perfect <a href="/wiki/All_singing,_all_dancing_(idiom)" title="All singing, all dancing (idiom)">All-Singing All-Dancing</a> <a href="/wiki/Text_editor" title="Text editor">Editorial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annotation" title="Annotation">Notation</a> <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">Application</a>", or "Pasadena." With this <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>-based system, the attention of lexicographers can be directed more to matters of content than to presentation issues such as the numbering of definitions. The new system has also simplified the use of the quotations database, and enabled staff in New York to work directly on the Dictionary in the same way as their Oxford-based counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-25">[26]</a>
Other important computer uses include internet searches for evidence of current usage, and e-mail submissions of quotations by readers and the general public.
<a href="/wiki/Wordhunt" title="Wordhunt">Wordhunt</a> was a 2005 appeal to the general public for help in providing citations for 50 selected recent words, and produced <a href="/wiki/Antedating" title="Antedating" class="mw-redirect">antedatings</a> for many. The results were reported in a BBC TV series, <a href="/wiki/Balderdash_and_Piffle" title="Balderdash and Piffle">Balderdash and Piffle</a>. The OED’s small army of devoted readers continue to contribute quotations; the department currently receives about 200,000 a year.
<h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&acti on=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Spelling">edit</a>] Spelling</h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_spelling" title="Oxford spelling">Oxford spelling</a></div>
The OED lists British headword spellings (e.g. labour, centre) with variants following (labor, center, etc.). For the suffix more commonly spelt -ise in British English, <a href="/wiki/OUP" title="OUP" class="mw-redirect">OUP</a> policy dictates a preference for the spelling -ize, e.g. realize vs realise and globalization vs globalisation. The rationale is partly linguistic, that the English suffix mainly derives from the Greek suffix -ιζειν, (-izo), or the Latin -izāre; however, -ze is also an Americanism in the fact that the -ze suffix has crept into words where it did not originally belong, as with analyse (British English), which is spelt analyze in American English.<a href="#cite_note-26">[27]</a> See also -ise/-ize at <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#-ise.2C_-ize" title="American and British English spelling differences">American and British English spelling differences</a>.
The sentence "The group analysed labour statistics published by the organization" is an example of OUP practice. This spelling (indicated with the registered <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a> language tag en-GB-oed) is used by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a>, and many British academic publications, such as <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Biochemical_Journal" title="Biochemical Journal">Biochemical Journal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement" title="The Times Literary Supplement">The Times Literary Supplement</a>.
<h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&acti on=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Criticisms">edit</a>] Criticisms</h2>
Despite its claim of authority[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] on the English language, the Oxford English Dictionary has been criticized from various angles. Indeed, it has become a target precisely because of its massiveness, its claims to authority, and, above all, its influence. In his review of the 1982 supplement, University of Oxford linguist <a href="/wiki/Roy_Harris_(linguist)" title="Roy Harris (linguist)">Roy Harris</a> writes that criticizing the OED is extremely difficult because "one is dealing not just with a dictionary but with a national institution", one that "has become, like the English monarchy, virtually immune from criticism in principle".<a href="#cite_note-Harris_1982.2C_p.935-27">[28]</a> Harris also criticises what he sees as the "black-and-white lexicography" of the Dictionary, by which he means its reliance upon printed language over spoken—and then only privileged forms of printing. He further notes that, while neologisms from respected "literary" authors such as <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a> are included, usage of words in newspapers or other, less "respectable", sources hold less sway, although they may be commonly used.<a href="#cite_note-Harris_1982.2C_p.935-27">[28]</a>
In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Bray" title="Tim Bray">Tim Bray</a>, co-creator of Extensible Markup Language (<a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>), credits the OED as the developing inspiration of that <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup language</a>. Similarly, the author <a href="/wiki/Anu_Garg" title="Anu Garg">Anu Garg</a>, founder of Wordsmith.org, has called the Oxford English Dictionary a "lex icon." <a href="#cite_note-28">[29]</a>
<h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&acti on=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>] See also</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Oxford_Dictionary" title="Canadian Oxford Dictionary">Canadian Oxford Dictionary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Oxford_English_Dictionary_of_Current_Engli sh" title="Compact Oxford English Dictionary of Current English">Compact Oxford English Dictionary of Current English</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Concise_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Concise Oxford English Dictionary">Concise Oxford English Dictionary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Oxford_American_Dictionary" title="New Oxford American Dictionary">New Oxford American Dictionary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Advanced_Learner%27s_Dictionary" title="Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary" class="mw-redirect">Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_English" title="Oxford Dictionary of English">Oxford Dictionary of English</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shorter_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Shorter Oxford English Dictionary">Shorter Oxford English Dictionary</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&acti on=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>] Notes</h2>
<div class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-0"><a href="#cite_ref-0">^</a> <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Oxford-English-Dictionary-Vols-1-20/dp/0198611862/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">OED2</a> from <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="http://www.oup.com/online/oed/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Oxford University Press</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="http://www.oed.com/news/updates/revisions0812.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">OED reaches its quarter mark</a> from the official OED website</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="http://oed.com/about/facts.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">OED Facts</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="http://www.oed.com/news/updates/revisions0712.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.oed.com/news/updates/revisions0712.html</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp.*103-104, 112. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-083978-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-083978-3">0-06-083978-3</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx% 3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Profe ssor+and+the+Madman&rft.aulast=Winchester& rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Winchester%2C%26%2332 %3BSimon&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=pp.%26nbs p%3B103-104%2C+112&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harp erPernnial&rft.isbn=0-06-083978-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Oxford_English_Dictionary">*</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp.*107-108. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-083978-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-083978-3">0-06-083978-3</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx% 3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Profe ssor+and+the+Madman&rft.aulast=Winchester& rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Winchester%2C%26%2332 %3BSimon&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=pp.%26nbs p%3B107-108&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperPernn ial&rft.isbn=0-06-083978-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Oxford_English_Dictionary">*</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp.*110. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-083978-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-083978-3">0-06-083978-3</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx% 3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Profe ssor+and+the+Madman&rft.aulast=Winchester& rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Winchester%2C%26%2332 %3BSimon&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=pp.%26nbs p%3B110&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperP ernnial&rft.isbn=0-06-083978-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Oxford_English_Dictionary">*</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp.*111-112. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-083978-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-083978-3">0-06-083978-3</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx% 3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Profe ssor+and+the+Madman&rft.aulast=Winchester& rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Winchester%2C%26%2332 %3BSimon&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=pp.%26nbs p%3B111-112&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperPernn ial&rft.isbn=0-06-083978-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Oxford_English_Dictionary">*</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. p.*xiii. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-083978-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-083978-3">0-06-083978-3</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx% 3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Profe ssor+and+the+Madman&rft.aulast=Winchester& rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Winchester%2C%26%2332 %3BSimon&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp %3Bxiii&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperP ernnial&rft.isbn=0-06-083978-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Oxford_English_Dictionary">*</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-083978-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-083978-3">0-06-083978-3</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx% 3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Profe ssor+and+the+Madman&rft.aulast=Winchester& rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Winchester%2C%26%2332 %3BSimon&rft.date=1999&rft.place=New+York& amp;rft.pub=HarperPernnial&rft.isbn=0-06-083978-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Oxford_English_Dictionary">*</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="http://www.oed.com/about/contributors/tolkien.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">OED Contributors: Tolkien</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/311/ibmrd3101G.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">LEXX – A programmable structured editor</a>, Cowlishaw, M. F., IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol 31, No. 1, 1987, IBM Reprint order number G322-0151</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gray1989-3-27-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Gray1989-3-27_13-0">^</a> Paul Gray, <a href="http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,957301,00.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"A Scholarly Everest Gets Bigger,"</a> Time, March 27, 1989.</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> R.J.Holmgren, <a href="http://www.serve.com/xywwweb/oed.shtml#mac3" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"v3.x under Mac OS X and Linux"</a>, last revised 22 March 2008. Accessed 19 April 2008</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> "Bernie" from ELearnAid.com, <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/alt.english.usage/browse_thread/thread/d11b031c5efa9d97/d2a518246b3c9dd8?q=oed&rnum=36&hl=en#d2a51 8246b3c9dd8" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Oxford English Dictionary News"</a>, 6 May 2004. Accessed 19 April 2008</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> "<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Oxford-English-Dictionary-Version-Windows/dp/0199563837/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, Version 4.0 (Windows & Mac)</a>". <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Oxford-English-Dictionary-Version-Windows/dp/0199563837/" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.amazon.com/Oxford-English-Dictionary-Version-Windows/dp/0199563837/</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx% 3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Oxfor d+English+Dictionary%2C+2nd+Edition%2C+Version+4.0 +%28Windows+%26+Mac%29&rft.atitle=&rft_id= http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FOxford-English-Dictionary-Version-Windows%2Fdp%2F0199563837%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Oxford_English_Dictionary">*</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> "<a href="http://www.oup.co.uk/ep/cdroms/oed/oed2v3_11/#4" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Mac Compatibility</a>". <a href="http://www.oup.co.uk/ep/cdroms/oed/oed2v3_11/#4" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.oup.co.uk/ep/cdroms/oed/oed2v3_11/#4</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx% 3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mac+C ompatibility&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F %2Fwww.oup.co.uk%2Fep%2Fcdroms%2Foed%2Foed2v3_11%2 F%234&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Oxford_English_Dictionary">*</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Juliet New (22 March 2000). "<a href="http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue23/oed-online/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">'The world's greatest dictionary' goes online</a>". Ariadne (23). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1361-3200" class="external text" rel="nofollow">1361-3200</a>. <a href="http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue23/oed-online/" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue23/oed-online/</a>. Retrieved 2007-03-18.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx% 3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27 The+world%27s+greatest+dictionary%27+goes+online&a mp;rft.jtitle=Ariadne&rft.aulast=Juliet+New&am p;rft.au=Juliet+New&rft.date=22+March+2000&amp ;rft.issue=23&rft.issn=1361-3200&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ariadne.ac.uk%2Fi ssue23%2Foed-online%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Oxford_English_Dictionary">*,</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> "<a href="http://blog.webometrics.org.uk/2009/08/looking-forward-to-oxford-english.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Looking Forward to an Oxford English Dictionary API</a>". <a href="http://blog.webometrics.org.uk/2009/08/looking-forward-to-oxford-english.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://blog.webometrics.org.uk/2009/08/looking-forward-to-oxford-english.html</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx% 3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Looki ng+Forward+to+an+Oxford+English+Dictionary+API&amp ;rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.webometr ics.org.uk%2F2009%2F08%2Flooking-forward-to-oxford-english.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Oxford_English_Dictionary">*</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> "<a href="http://www.oup.com/online/englishpubliclibraries/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Oxford Online in English Public Libraries</a>". <a href="http://www.oup.com/online/englishpubliclibraries/" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.oup.com/online/englishpubliclibraries/</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx% 3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Oxfor d+Online+in+English+Public+Libraries&rft.atitl e=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oup.com%2Fonline%2F englishpubliclibraries%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Oxford_English_Dictionary">*</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> "<a href="http://epic.org.nz/nl/Procurement.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">New Zealand procurement</a>". <a href="http://epic.org.nz/nl/Procurement.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://epic.org.nz/nl/Procurement.html</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx% 3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=New+Z ealand+procurement&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http %3A%2F%2Fepic.org.nz%2Fnl%2FProcurement.html&r fr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Oxford_English_Dictionary">*</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> "<a href="http://epic.org.nz/nl/oup.html#oed" class="external text" rel="nofollow">OED on-line New Zealand</a>". <a href="http://epic.org.nz/nl/oup.html#oed" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://epic.org.nz/nl/oup.html#oed</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx% 3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=OED+o n-line+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3 A%2F%2Fepic.org.nz%2Fnl%2Foup.html%23oed&rfr_i d=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Oxford_English_Dictionary">*</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Stephanie Willen Brown, <a href="http://cogscilibrarian.blogspot.com/2007/08/from-unregistered-words-to-oed3.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">From Unregistered Words to OED3</a>, CogSci Librarian, 23 August 2007. Accessed 23 October 2007.</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Winchester" title="Simon Winchester">Simon Winchester</a>. <a href="http://www.tvo.org/podcasts/bi/audio/BISimonWinchester052707.mp3" class="external text" rel="nofollow">History of the Oxford English Dictionary</a> <a href="/wiki/TVOntario" title="TVOntario">TVOntario</a> <a href="/wiki/Big_Ideas_(TV_series)" title="Big Ideas (TV series)" class="mw-redirect">Big Ideas</a>. (2007-05-27). Podcast accessed on <a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>-<a href="/wiki/December_1" title="December 1">12-01</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Liz Thompson (December 2005). "<a href="http://oed.com/pdfs/oed-news-2005-12.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Pasadena: A Brand New System for the OED</a>" (PDF). Oxford English Dictionary News (Oxford University Press): p.*4. <a href="http://oed.com/pdfs/oed-news-2005-12.pdf" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://oed.com/pdfs/oed-news-2005-12.pdf</a>. Retrieved 2007-03-15.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx% 3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pas adena%3A+A+Brand+New+System+for+the+%27%27OED%27%2 7&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary+News&am p;rft.aulast=Liz+Thompson&rft.au=Liz+Thompson& amp;rft.date=December+2005&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp %3B4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_i d=http%3A%2F%2Foed.com%2Fpdfs%2Foed-news-2005-12.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Oxford_English_Dictionary">*</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutspelling/ize?view=get" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutspelling/ize?view=get</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-Harris_1982.2C_p.935-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_1982.2C_p.935_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_1982.2C_p.935_27-1">b</a> Harris 1982, p.935.</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="http://wordsmith.org/awad/article-globeandmail.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Globe & Mail</a></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&acti on=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>] References</h2>
<ul>
<li>Creaser, Wanda. Review of Willinsky, John, Empire of Words: The Reign of the Oxford English Dictionary. Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 50:1 (1996): 108-109. JSTOR. 7 April 2008. <a href="http://www.jstor.org.floyd.lib.umn.edu/stable/1348362" class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></li>
<li>Harris, Roy (1982-09-03). "The History Men". Times Literary Supplement: 935-936.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx% 3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The +History+Men&rft.jtitle=Times+Literary+Supplem ent&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Roy& rft.au=Harris%2C%26%2332%3BRoy&rft.date=1982-09-03&rft.pages=935-936&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Oxford_English_Dictionary">*</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Gleick" title="James Gleick">Gleick, James</a> (2006-11-05). "Cyber-Neologoliferation". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx% 3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cyb er-Neologoliferation&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+New+Yor k+Times+Magazine%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Gleick&r ft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Gleick%2C%26%2332%3BJa mes&rft.date=2006-11-05&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Oxford_English_Dictionary">*</li>
</ul>
<h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&acti on=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>] Further reading</h2>
<ul>
<li><cite>Caught in the Web of Words: J. A. H. Murray and the Oxford English Dictionary</cite>, by K. M. Elisabeth Murray, Oxford University Press and Yale University Press, 1977; new edition 2001, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, trade paperback, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300089198" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-300-08919-8</a>.</li>
<li><cite>Empire of Words: The Reign of the Oxford English Dictionary</cite>, by John Willinsky, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1995, hardcover, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691037191" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-691-03719-1</a>.</li>
<li><cite>The Meaning of Everything: The Story of the Oxford English Dictionary</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Winchester" title="Simon Winchester">Simon Winchester</a>, Oxford University Press, 2003, hardcover, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198607024" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-860702-4</a>.</li>
<li>(UK title) <cite>The Surgeon of Crowthorne</cite> / (US title) <cite>The Professor and the Madman</cite>: <cite>A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of The Oxford English Dictionary</cite>, by Simon Winchester; see <a href="/wiki/The_Surgeon_of_Crowthorne" title="The Surgeon of Crowthorne">The Surgeon of Crowthorne</a> for full details of the various editions.</li>
<li><cite>Lost for Words: The Hidden History of the Oxford English Dictionary</cite>, by Lynda Mugglestone, Yale University Press, 2005, hardcover, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300106998" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-300-10699-8</a>.</li>
<li><cite>The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary</cite>, by Peter Gilliver, Jeremy Marshall, and Edmund Weiner, Oxford University Press, 2006, hardcover, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198610696" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-861069-6</a>.</li>
<li><cite>Treasure-House of the Language: the Living OED, Charlotte Brewer, Yale University Press, 2007, hardcover, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300124293" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-300-12429-3</a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite><cite>Chasing the Sun: Dictionary Makers and the Dictionaries They Made</cite>, by Jonathon Green, Jonathan Cape, 1996, hardcover, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0224040103" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-224-04010-3</a>.</cite></li>
</ul>
<h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&acti on=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>] External links</h2>
<ul>
<li>The <a href="http://www.oed.com/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Oxford English Dictionary's official website</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://oed.com/archive/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Archive of documents</a> (as page images), including
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chenevix_Trench" title="Richard Chenevix Trench">Trench</a>'s original <a href="http://dictionary.oed.com/archive/paper-deficiencies/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries"</a> paper</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Murray_(lexicographer)" title="James Murray (lexicographer)">Murray</a>'s original <a href="http://dictionary.oed.com/archive/appeal-1879-04/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">appeal for readers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Their <a href="http://oed.com/about/facts.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">page of OED statistics</a>, and <a href="http://www.askoxford.com/worldofwords/oed/facts/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">another such page</a>.</li>
<li>Two <a href="http://www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-861186-2.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">sample pages</a>PDF*(1.54*<a href="/wiki/Mebibyte" title="Mebibyte">MiB</a>) from the OED.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="http://oed.hertford.ox.ac.uk/main/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Examining the OED</a>: Charlotte Brewer's analysis of the principles and practices used by OED editors
<ul>
<li><a href="http://oed.hertford.ox.ac.uk/main/content/view/24/169/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Bibliography of "[c]ritical assessments of OED or accounts of its history"</a>, from Examining the OED</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="http://around.com/oed.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">The OED Meets Cyberspace</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Gleick" title="James Gleick">James Gleick</a>'s 2006 article.</li>
<li>The New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (OED-1). <a href="http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dgxwtw72_33q3bxncg4" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Volume Index</a> or <a href="http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=title%3AA%20New%20English%20Dicti onary%20on%20Historical%20Principles%20AND%20media type%3Atexts" class="external text" rel="nofollow">all volumes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Winchester" title="Simon Winchester">Simon Winchester</a>. <a href="http://www.tvo.org/podcasts/bi/audio/BISimonWinchester052707.mp3" class="external text" rel="nofollow">History of the Oxford English Dictionary</a> <a href="/wiki/TVOntario" title="TVOntario">TVOntario</a> <a href="/wiki/Big_Ideas_(TV_series)" title="Big Ideas (TV series)" class="mw-redirect">Big Ideas</a>. (2007-05-27). Podcast accessed on <a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>-<a href="/wiki/December_1" title="December 1">12-01</a>.</li>
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